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The Basics of ADHD & The Science Behind It




Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is not just a "label"; it's a complex and often misunderstood condition that impacts millions worldwide. The daily challenges can be frustrating, even paradoxical, especially for adults who’ve gone undiagnosed for much of their lives. Despite increasing awareness, many individuals continue to face difficulties in both personal and professional areas of life without fully understanding the cause.


Thankfully, advances in neuroscience—the study of brain anatomy and function—and psychology are helping us better understand ADHD. By delving into these fields, we can gain clearer insights into the condition and how to better support individuals living with it.


What Is ADHD?


You might have heard various definitions of ADHD, and while there are slight differences, most agree that ADHD is a common condition characterised by an ongoing pattern of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. These behaviours interfere with daily functioning and development.

Classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder, for the vast majority, ADHD begins in childhood and continues throughout a person’s life, affecting brain growth and development.


From a scientific perspective, several factors contribute to our understanding of the condition, including genetics, brain structure and function, neurotransmitter activity, and environmental influences.


It is now widely accepted that ADHD is highly genetic, with some estimates suggesting that up to 80% of cases have a genetic component. ADHD often runs in families, though other causes may contribute to its development. Regardless of the cause, ADHD appears to involve measurable differences in brain development, both before and after birth.


ADHD is also considered a heterogeneous condition, meaning it presents with a wide range of symptoms and severity. It can look dramatically different from person to person, even within the same family. Some individuals may primarily experience challenges with attention, while others might struggle more with hyperactivity or impulsivity—or a mix of all three. This variability in how ADHD presents makes it crucial to take a personalised approach to diagnosis and management.


The Science of ADHD


Historically, ADHD was often viewed primarily through the lens of behaviour—focusing on symptoms like inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These behaviours were the most obvious way to measure and diagnose the condition. However, as our understanding of ADHD has evolved, it’s clear that it’s much more than just a behavioural condition.


ADHD is deeply rooted in how the brain functions, with neurological and genetic factors playing a significant role.


ADHD is not a breakdown in one area of the brain but a breakdown in brain connectivity and communication networks. These interrelated networks influence emotion, attention, behaviour, and arousal.


People with ADHD experience difficulties in global self-regulation, not just attention regulation.

Neuroimaging studies reveal measurable differences in brain structure and activity in individuals with ADHD. These differences are particularly noticeable in the neural circuits associated with attention, impulse control, and executive functions.


Understanding the brain’s role in ADHD has shifted our perspective, allowing for more effective treatment approaches and a better grasp of the condition's complexity.


Researchers have pinpointed several key areas of the brain involved in ADHD, particularly:


  • Prefrontal Cortex (PFC): Orchestrates higher cognitive functions like decision-making, regulating behaviour, and focusing on tasks. A deficiency in norepinephrine here contributes to issues with attention, organisation, and executive functioning.


  • The Basal Ganglia: This area regulates communication within the brain. Deficiencies in neurotransmitter activity here can cause information to "short-circuit," resulting in impulsivity and inattention​.


  • The Limbic System: Involved in regulating emotions, deficiencies in this region contribute to emotional volatility and restlessness​.


  • The Reticular Activating System (RAS): This relay system influences attention and arousal. A deficiency here can cause hyperactivity, inattention, or impulsivity.


These regions do not operate in isolation—they interact closely. When one region experiences a deficit, it often impacts the others, creating a cascade of symptoms that define ADHD.


Neurotransmitter Dysfunction


At the core of ADHD is a disruption in the activity of several critical neurotransmitters.

ADHD was the first disorder found to be caused by a deficiency in a specific neurotransmitter—norepinephrine. This neurotransmitter is synthesised from dopamine, and both play a vital role in brain regions associated with attention and emotional regulation. Additionally, dopamine and serotonin contribute to regulating motivation, impulse control, and mood.



  • Dopamine: This neurotransmitter is essential for reward and motivation. Dysfunctions in dopamine transmission can make it harder for people with ADHD to stay motivated or maintain focus on tasks that don’t provide immediate gratification.


  • Noradrenaline: Involved in attention and response to stress, noradrenaline imbalances can contribute to difficulties in maintaining attention and managing emotional reactions.


  • Serotonin: While often discussed in relation to mood disorders, serotonin also impacts attention and impulse control, making it relevant in the context of ADHD.


How Does ADHD Manifest in Daily Life?


Understanding the science behind ADHD is crucial, but it’s equally important to grasp how these brain differences translate into daily challenges. For some, ADHD might make it hard to focus on long-term projects at work. For others, it can result in impulsive decisions or difficulty managing emotions. The condition manifests differently in each individual, reflecting the broad spectrum of ADHD symptoms.


ADHD often involves an imbalance between top-down signalling (goal-directed behaviour) and bottom-up signalling (stimulus-driven reactions). In people with ADHD, bottom-up signals—like distractions in the environment—often overpower top-down control, making it difficult to focus on tasks or regulate emotions.


Additionally, ADHD is often accompanied by coexisting conditions such as anxiety, depression, or learning disabilities. Symptoms often change as individuals age—what manifests as hyperactivity in childhood might evolve into restlessness or impulsivity in adulthood. These variations can complicate management, making a tailored, flexible approach to treatment essential.


Management and Support Strategies


Fortunately, there are numerous ways to manage ADHD, and a multi-faceted approach often yields the best results. Understanding the brain’s role in ADHD opens the door to more effective treatments, from medication to lifestyle adjustments.


Medication

Stimulant medications like methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly prescribed for ADHD. They help regulate dopamine and norepinephrine activity, improving focus and reducing impulsivity. For those who may not respond well to stimulants, non-stimulant options such as atomoxetine or certain antidepressants may be effective alternatives.


Therapy

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) can help individuals with ADHD develop practical strategies for managing daily challenges, such as time management and emotional regulation. Family therapy can also be valuable, as it helps family members better understand the condition and how to offer support.


Lifestyle Adjustments

Lifestyle changes can significantly improve ADHD symptoms. Regular exercise boosts dopamine and serotonin levels, improving focus and mood. A healthy diet, plenty of sleep, and mindfulness practices like meditation or yoga can also help individuals with ADHD manage stress and stay centred.


Educational Support

In school or workplace settings, accommodations such as extra time on tests, access to organisational tools, or a quiet workspace can greatly assist individuals with ADHD. Understanding their unique needs and making adjustments can improve both performance and well-being.


ADHD Coaching

One of the most promising newer approaches is ADHD coaching, where individuals work one-on-one with a trained coach to develop personalised strategies for managing their symptoms. 

ADHD coaching goes beyond traditional life coaching by addressing the specific challenges that come with ADHD, such as time management, emotional regulation, and organisation. The approach is tailored to the individual’s unique brain wiring, helping them transform their strengths into effective strategies for managing daily tasks and achieving their goals. While life coaching focuses on general goal-setting, ADHD coaching emphasises creating personalised systems and support structures to tackle ADHD-related difficulties like procrastination, impulsivity, and focus.


A crucial part of ADHD coaching is building self-awareness. Clients gain a deeper understanding of how their ADHD impacts them in various situations, allowing them to identify patterns and develop tailored solutions. By focusing on practical tools and strategies that align with the client’s specific needs, ADHD coaching empowers individuals to take control of their lives and make progress in both personal and professional areas.


This results-driven approach helps individuals improve their executive function skills, such as managing tasks, recalling important information, and regulating emotions, ultimately enabling them to lead more organised and fulfilling lives.


Embracing Neurodiversity


It’s important to view ADHD within the context of neurodiversity, which celebrates the natural variation in human cognitive functioning. While ADHD comes with challenges, it can also bring strengths, such as creativity, problem-solving abilities, and hyper-focus in areas of interest. By acknowledging the benefits of neurodiversity, we create a more inclusive society that values and supports the unique abilities of those with ADHD.


Conclusion


ADHD is a complex condition that impacts people in different ways, but through a combination of scientific understanding and personalised support, we can help individuals thrive. Whether through medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, or the emerging field of ADHD coaching, there are many avenues for managing ADHD and helping those affected lead fulfilling lives.


If you or someone you know is living with ADHD, remember—there are many ways to thrive. Whether it's seeking professional help, understanding more about the science of ADHD, or exploring supportive options like coaching, there’s no one right way to manage ADHD. The key is finding what works for you and taking that first step.




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